Cholera bacteria. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of Vibrio cholerae bacteria, the cause of cholera (an infection of the small intestine). These gram-negative bacteria each have a single polar strand or flagellum (purple), which they use to move. They are water-borne pathogens that are transmitted to humans in contaminated water and food. The bacteria produce a toxin that causes diarrhoea and extreme dehydration, which may be fatal if untreated. Outbreaks are associated with poor sanitary conditions and are often epidemic. Magnification unknown.