Iraq / Italy: Joy, joyfulness. Illustration from Ibn Butlan's Taqwim al-sihhah or 'Maintenance of Health' (Baghdad, 11th century) published in Italy as the Tacuinum Sanitatis in the 14th century

The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on health and wellbeing, based on the Taqwim al-sihha تقويم الصحة (' Maintenance of Health'), an eleventh-century Arab medical treatise by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad.<br/><br/><br/>The book is a medieval handbook on health and wellbeing, based on the Taqwim al-sihha تقويم الصحة ('Maintenance of Health'). Ibn Butlân was a Christian physician born in Baghdad and who died in 1068. He sets forth the six elements necessary to maintain daily health: food and drink, air and the environment, activity and rest air and the environment, activity and rest, sleep and wakefulness, secretions and excretions of humours, changes or states of mind (happiness, anger, shame, etc.). shame, etc.). According to Ibn Butlân, illnesses are the result of changes in the balance of some of these elements, therefore he recommends a life in harmony with nature in order to maintain or recover one. Ibn Butlân also teaches us to enjoy each season of the year, the consequences of each type of climate, wind and snow. He points out the importance of spiritual wellbeing and mentions, for example, the benefits of listening to music, dancing or having a pleasant conversation.<br/><br/><br/> Ibn Butlân also teaches us to enjoy each season of the year, the consequences of each type of climate, wind and snow. Aimed at a cultured lay audience, the text exists in several variant Latin versions, the manuscripts of which are characteristically profusely illustrated. The short paragraphs of the treatise were freely translated into Latin in mid-thirteenth-century Palermo or Naples, continuing an Italo- Norman tradition as one of the prime sites for peaceful inter-cultural contact between the Islamic and European worlds.<br/><br/>The short paragraphs of the treatise were freely translated into Latin in mid-thirteenth-century Palermo or Naples, continuing an Italo- Four handsomely illustrated complete late fourth-century manuscripts of the Taccuinum, all produced in Lombardy, survive, in Vienna, Paris, Liège and Rome, as well as in Rome. Liège and Rome, as well as scattered illustrations from others, as well as fifteenth-century codices.