Atomic force microscope. Technician working on an atomic force microscope (AFM). AFMs are tools for studying the surfaces of objects at an atomic level. They work by holding an extremely fine 'stylus' (usually a diamond crystal) in contact with the sample, and slowly moving it across its surface. The stylus is spring-loaded, and its deflection is detected and can be converted into a computer map of the surface. One such display is seen on the monitor at upper centre. The AFM is similar in principle to the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM), but has the advantage that the subjects to be studied do not have to conduct electricity.

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