Stomach ulcer. Artwork showing a chronic gastric ulcer in cross section. Here, stomach acid, pepsin and bile have eroded the mucosa (stomach lining), the sub-mucosa and the muscular layers of the stomach wall. The red crater of the ulcer contains necrotic tissue & inflammatory cells (yellow). At the ulcer's base is a vascular layer & a layer of granulation tissue (first stages of tissue repair, pink). Deeper still is fibrous scar tissue. Causes of gastric ulcers are related to diet, stress, some drugs and certain bacteria. Bleeding, perforation and obstruction due to scarring may occur as complications. Symptoms are alleviated by antacid medicines; severe cases may need surgery.

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