Ptolemaic cosmology. This artwork is from the 1708 edition of Harmonica Macrocosmica, a star atlas by the Dutch-German mathematician and cosmographer Andreas Cellarius (1596-1665). The artwork shows the geocentric worldview (one centred on the Earth) held by the 2nd-century Greek philosopher Ptolemy (lower right). Surrounding the Earth are spheres for the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (all riding chariots). The zodiacal signs are on the rim of the circle. Astronomers and muses adorn the artwork's border. Harmonica Macrocosmica, first published in 1660, had 30 colour plates with accompanying Latin text. This edition was published in Amsterdam by Petrus Schenk (1660-1711) and Gerard Valk (1652-1726).

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