North American lupin aphids, Macrosyphum albifroms, feeding on a lupin stem. The large female on the left is giving birth to a live nymph. Unlike most aphids, which have alternating generations which feed on two different hosts, this species feeds only on the lupin. Commonly known as plant lice, greenfly or blackfly, aphids extract the sap of their host plant via sucking mouthparts. Their immense reproductive capabil- ities make many of them serious pests. The two short 'horns' at the aphid's rear are cornicles. These are utilised when the aphid is threatened; blood containing wax-filled blood cells is released to coat the mouthparts of the attacker.

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