Italy / Venice: Grand Procession of the Doge, 16th century
The Doge of Venice (derived from Latin dux, 'leader'), often mistranslated Duke (the Italian word for duke is 'Duca') was the chief magistrate and leader of the Most Serene Republic of Venice for over a thousand years. Doges of Venice were elected for life by the city-state's aristocracy.
Contrary to popular belief the doge was not a duke in the modern sense, nor was a doge the equivalent of a hereditary duke. A doge was referred to variously by the titles 'My Lord the Doge' ( Monsignor el Doxe), 'Most Serene Prince' (Serenissimo Principe), and 'His Serenity' (Sua Serenità).